Monero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the cryptocurrency. For other uses, see Monero (disambiguation).
Monero
Monero-Logo.svg
Denominations
Ticker symbol XMR
Precision 10−12
Subunits
1⁄1012 piconero
Development
Original author(s) Nicolas van Saberhagen
White paper "CryptoNote v 2.0"
Initial release 18 April 2014 (6 years ago)
Latest release 0.17.1.7 / 15 December 2020 (43 days ago)
Code repository github.com/monero-project
Development status Active
Written in C++
Operating system Android, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris
Source model Open source
License MIT License
Website getmonero.org
Ledger
Timestamping scheme Proof of work
Hash function RandomX
Block reward 1.26 XMR
Block time 2 minutes
Block explorer xmrchain.net
Circulating supply 17,788,189
Monero (/məˈnɛroʊ/; XMR) is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency released in 2014. It is an open-source protocol based on CryptoNote. It uses an obfuscated public ledger, meaning anyone can send or broadcast transactions, but no outside observer can tell the source, amount, or destination. A proof of work mechanism is used to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions.
Monero uses different privacy-enhancing technologies to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It has attracted users desiring privacy measures that are not provided in more popular cryptocurrencies. However, it has also gained publicity for illicit use in darknet markets.
Contents
1 History
2 Privacy features
2.1 Ring signatures
2.2 Stealth addresses
2.3 Bulletproofs
2.4 Dandelion++
3 Mining
4 Transaction linkability
5 Regulatory responses
6 References
7 External links
History
In 2014, Bitcointalk forum user thankful_for_today forked the codebase of Bytecoin into the name BitMonero, which is a compound of bit (as in Bitcoin) and monero (literally meaning "coin" in Esperanto). The release of BitMonero was poorly received by the community that initially backed it. Plans to fix and improve Bytecoin with changes to block time, tail emission, and block reward had been ignored, and thankful_for_today simply disappeared from the development scene. A group of users led by Johnny Mnemonic decided that the community should take over the project, and five days later they did while also changing the name to Monero.
Due to its privacy features, Monero experienced rapid growth in market capitalization and transaction volume during 2016, much more than any other cryptocurrency that year. This growth was driven by its uptake in the darknet market, where people used it to buy stolen credit cards, guns, and drugs. Two major darknet markets were shut down in July 2017 by law enforcement. From the beginning, Monero has been used by people holding other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to break the link between transactions, with the other cryptocoins first converted to Monero, then after some delay converted back and sent to an address unrelated to those used before.
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.
After many online payment platforms shut down access for white nationalists following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, some of them, including Christopher Cantwell and Andrew Auernheimer ("weev"), started using and promoting Monero.
The operators behind the May 2017 global ransomware incident WannaCry converted their proceeds into Monero. In June 2017, The Shadow Brokers, the group that leaked the code used in WannaCry, started accepting payments in Monero.
Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's CPU to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' CPUs. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.
In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.
In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.
In November 2018, Bail Bloc released a mobile app that mines Monero to raise funds for low-income defendants who cannot otherwise cover their own bail.
Privacy features
Monero GUI 0.12.3.0 on Windows 10
Monero enforces privacy by default. It uses different technologies that complement each other to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It aims to meet two criteria: untraceability (having multiple possible senders for a transaction) and unlinkability (being unable to prove that multiple transactions were sent to the same person). Untraceability protects the sender with ring signatures, while unlinkability protects the receiver with stealth addresses.
Ring signatures
Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol, which deploys one-time ring signatures as the core cryptographic primitive to provide anonymity. Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCTs), a variant of linkable ring signatures, were implemented on 10 January 2017. RingCTs have two components. The first is Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (MLSAG) ring signatures, which obfuscate the sender of a transaction. The second is Confidential Transactions (CTs), which use the Pedersen commitment to hide transaction amounts.
Stealth addresses
Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.
Bulletproofs
In October 2018, Monero implemented bulletproofs, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocol. It replaced the Borromean ring signatures used in RingCT's range proofs. Bulletproofs substantially reduced the size of transactions, resulting in faster verification times and lower fees.
Dandelion++
Monero uses an unusual method of transaction broadcast propagation to obscure the IP address of the device broadcasting the transaction. The signed transaction is initially passed to only one node and a probablistic method is used to determine when a new signed transaction should be broadcast to all nodes as normal.
Mining
Monero is designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining, which is commonly used to mine other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer grade hardware such as x86, x86-64, ARM and GPUs, and as a result it is popular among malware-based miners.
Monero introduced the RandomX proof of work algorithm in November 2019 to further increase resistance to ASIC mining.
Transaction linkability
In April 2017, researchers highlighted three major threats to Monero users' privacy. The first relies on leveraging the ring signature size of zero, and ability to see the output amounts. The second, "Leveraging Output Merging", involves tracking transactions where two outputs belong to the same user, such as when they send funds to themselves ("churning"). Finally, "Temporal Analysis", shows that predicting the right output in a ring signature could potentially be easier than previously thought. The Monero development team responded that they had already addressed the first concern with the introduction of RingCTs in January 2017, as well as mandating a minimum size of ring signatures in March 2016.
In 2018, researchers presented possible vulnerabilities in a paper titled "An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain". The Monero team responded in March 2018.
Regulatory responses
Monero and other privacy-oriented currencies have concerned regulators targeting illicit activities and money laundering. Exchanges in South Korea and Australia have delisted Monero and other privacy coins due to regulatory pressure. In September 2020, the IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) division offered up to $625,000 to contractors who can trace transactions or provide statistical probabilities that connect transaction data to specific users in Monero or Bitcoin's Lightning Network. On 30 September, the IRS awarded one-year contracts to data analysis firms Integra FEC and Chainalysis.
A distant digital descendent of zero, the invention of Bitcoin represents the discovery of absolute scarcity for money: an idea as equally unstoppable.The point is this…change bitcoin total cryptocurrency love bitcoin bitcoin development bitcoin registration ethereum news bitcoin книга bitcoin xt
4pda tether
пример bitcoin bitcoin doubler android tether bitcoin two cryptocurrency ethereum magic bitcoin mine monero monero poloniex difficulty ethereum bitcoin putin alpari bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin code lazy bitcoin
miner bitcoin
bitcoin transaction кредиты bitcoin bitcoin кредит
bitcoin виджет
ethereum ios серфинг bitcoin
bitcoin win bitcoin получение bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin автоматически bitcoin сша bitcoin easy bitcoin programming msigna bitcoin bitcoin multiplier ethereum телеграмм ethereum claymore форк bitcoin bitcoin bitrix ethereum russia добыча ethereum
free monero bitcoin описание bitcoin кошелька bitcoin прогноз monero minergate
mmm bitcoin keys bitcoin bitcoin sha256 bitcoin earning cryptocurrency trading bitcoin loans миксер bitcoin rates bitcoin Litecoin’s development was initiated by Charlie Lee, and has been maintained by core developers and contributors from the community.All development activities can be found here.In addition, the Litecoin Foundation is actively involved in the development and the promotion of Litecoin use-cases across the globe.1. What is Monero (XMR)?reklama bitcoin bitcoin abc скачать tether monero стоимость bitcoin анализ конференция bitcoin video bitcoin bitcoin blog bounty bitcoin bitcoin motherboard asics bitcoin график monero etoro bitcoin ethereum addresses пул monero bitcoin баланс форумы bitcoin casinos bitcoin разработчик bitcoin блог bitcoin bitcoin p2p ann bitcoin bitcoin динамика bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin plus500 биржа monero x bitcoin mine monero bitcoin google ann bitcoin капитализация bitcoin кликер bitcoin safe bitcoin bitcoin eobot code bitcoin баланс bitcoin mac bitcoin отследить bitcoin bitcoin poloniex 100 bitcoin bitcoin курс
торги bitcoin bitcoin продать ethereum rub bitcoin database These three misleading narratives create problems for investors, who can see the asset class growing, yet cannot find a sensible explanation. Instead, they are inundated by pitches about endless token sales and abstract promises of 'blockchain companies,' and fear-mongering about their disruptive potential. Any temptation to invest in these schemes should be tempered by three obvious facts:new cryptocurrency bitcoin таблица
50 bitcoin
bitcoin халява bitcoin forbes реклама bitcoin bitcoin swiss кошелька bitcoin bitcoin развитие
bitcoin символ The word cryptocurrency written atop semiconductor chips and circuitry. antminer bitcoin Hot Walletmine ethereum стоимость ethereum bitcoin обменники сделки bitcoin
продам bitcoin bitcoin виджет bitcoin multiply статистика ethereum bitcoin cc
bitcoin reindex monero coin форк ethereum bitcoin теханализ bitcoin развитие cryptocurrency trading multiplier bitcoin ethereum курсы cc bitcoin byzantium ethereum ethereum calculator пополнить bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin department programming bitcoin king bitcoin tether mining bitcoin euro динамика ethereum
monero сложность video bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin programming bitcoin nvidia bitcoin bitcoin конвертер trezor bitcoin ethereum faucet flash bitcoin ethereum отзывы bitcoin fees теханализ bitcoin bitcoin weekend
earn bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten monero биржи вход bitcoin bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin tm bitcoin blockstream app bitcoin cryptocurrency analytics waves bitcoin bitcoin торги credit bitcoin hashrate bitcoin bitcoin магазины котировка bitcoin monero настройка обмен tether
bitcoin motherboard автомат bitcoin monero cryptonote roll bitcoin bitcoin аналитика кошелька bitcoin film bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка lite bitcoin
geth ethereum
spin bitcoin bitcoin broker monero майнить ethereum russia bitcoin x2 red bitcoin bitcoin elena kraken bitcoin bitcoin trezor remix ethereum monero usd login bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin сайте bitcoin стоимость bitcoin blocks bitcoin bitcoin utopia bitcoin grant bitcoin pps ropsten ethereum bitcoin valet ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin paypal заработай bitcoin
bitcoin коды bitcoin dump
genesis bitcoin polkadot store bitcoin doge обвал ethereum Distributed ledger stores the verified blocks. It is shareable and downloadable by all other nodes on the network. This verification process is known as mining and it demands electricity and maintenance. Because of these demands, the miners get rewards with the blockchain’s native currency. This is the foundation of a typical cryptocurrency ecosystem.bitcoin get epay bitcoin bitcoin security coffee bitcoin bitcoin 100 обналичить bitcoin bitcoin мавроди ethereum проекты bitcoin ann приложение tether ethereum bitcoin monero сложность системе bitcoin bitcoin airbitclub Currently, the velocity of Bitcoin is much higher on average, but the problem is that a large portion of this velocity is just trading volume, not spending volume. For a medium of exchange, the vast majority of volume is from consumer spending, with only a small percentage of that volume involved with currency trading.сбор bitcoin ethereum обвал bitcoin shop кран monero прогнозы bitcoin эпоха ethereum bitcoin миллионеры ethereum vk ethereum адрес майнить monero copay bitcoin bitcoin конвектор bitcoin монеты ico bitcoin bitcoin в ethereum проекты Still, participants might collude to break the rules in other ways, such as to counterfeit coins. Hal Finney proposed the use of 'reusable PoW,' in which the code for 'minting' coins is published on a secure centralized computer, and users can use remote attestation to prove the computing cycles actually executed. In 2005, Nick Szabo suggested using a 'distributed title registry' instead of a secure centralized computer.bitcoin green bitcoin расчет bistler bitcoin electrodynamic tether icons bitcoin bitcoin cc
alien bitcoin monero fr bitcoin fpga bitcoin 2020 bitcoin converter ethereum supernova rotator bitcoin платформы ethereum график bitcoin sgminer monero rinkeby ethereum bitcoin ocean ethereum microsoft bitcoin mining bitcoin phoenix bitcoin gambling film bitcoin bitcoin ферма протокол bitcoin
ethereum web3 ethereum продам ethereum википедия difficulty monero wallet tether laundering bitcoin bitcoin planet
кости bitcoin зебра bitcoin bux bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin get cryptocurrency bitcoin рухнул new cryptocurrency bitcoin scan cryptocurrency ico bitcoin вконтакте
ecopayz bitcoin bitcoin rub bitcoin block
bitcoin markets mac bitcoin bitcoin express monero free cryptocurrency prices monero fr check bitcoin bitcoin price bitcoin development
Ethereum silver cryptocurrency coins.bitcoin 4096 bitcoin получить
блоки bitcoin doubler bitcoin stock bitcoin куплю ethereum рулетка bitcoin all cryptocurrency q bitcoin пополнить bitcoin safe bitcoin global bitcoin today bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin 16 bitcoin токен bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin digi bitcoin bitcoin instagram bitcoin etf серфинг bitcoin ethereum обвал frog bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin это
магазины bitcoin торговать bitcoin котировка bitcoin bitcoin комиссия water bitcoin bitcoin source rotator bitcoin bitcoin lite sec bitcoin кошель bitcoin bitcoin pdf iota cryptocurrency генераторы bitcoin monero валюта cryptocurrency tech bitcoin reindex monero криптовалюта биржа bitcoin bitcoin фарминг ico monero bitcoin blockstream
ethereum кошельки ethereum краны bitcoin marketplace
казахстан bitcoin bitcoin converter tether usd
bitcoin parser сайте bitcoin криптовалюту monero dog bitcoin bitcoin sha256 bitcoin cap
neo cryptocurrency bitcoin com создатель bitcoin bitcoin sha256 пулы ethereum
click bitcoin
cryptocurrency prices is bitcoin
ethereum crane ethereum краны ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin pdf контракты ethereum topfan bitcoin security bitcoin konvert bitcoin
china cryptocurrency bitcoin casino bitcoin future bitcoin instant monero client tether майнинг
bitcoin demo tether gps froggy bitcoin
bitcoin anonymous bitcoin 2020 bitcoin отзывы reverse tether bitcoin kurs автоматический bitcoin coin bitcoin яндекс bitcoin пример bitcoin bitcoin com bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin терминал проблемы bitcoin bitcoin xl bitcoin utopia bitcoin captcha bitcoin get расчет bitcoin bitcoin average You don’t have the same legal protections when you pay with cryptocurrency.Cryptography is a method of using encryption and decryption to secure communication in the presence of third parties with ill intent—that is, third parties who want to steal your data or eavesdrop on your conversation. Cryptography uses computational algorithms such as SHA-256, which is the hashing algorithm that Bitcoin uses; a public key, which is like a digital identity of the user shared with everyone; and a private key, which is a digital signature of the user that is kept hidden.bitcoin 2020 bitcoin mmm
I’ve told you about how the first cryptocurrency was created and how it works. I’ve also told you about how cryptocurrency is stored and used. Now, let’s look at some other cryptocurrencies that have been created since Bitcoin…The Rise of Cryptocurrencies!Simply put, cryptocurrencies are electronic peer-to-peer currencies. They don't physically exist. You can't pick up a bitcoin and hold it in your hand, or pull one out of your wallet. But just because you can't physically hold a bitcoin, it doesn't mean they aren't worth anything, as you've probably noticed by the rapidly rising prices of virtual currencies over the past couples of months.server bitcoin обновление ethereum удвоитель bitcoin q bitcoin
bitcoin etherium bitcoin луна
monero miner bitcoin exchange goldmine bitcoin bitcoin dance bitcoin расчет ethereum метрополис bitcoin 2017
bitfenix bitcoin отзыв bitcoin
bitcoin программирование lamborghini bitcoin
adbc bitcoin bitcoin hub конференция bitcoin заработать monero bitcoin блоки bitcoin conveyor ico ethereum запросы bitcoin litecoin bitcoin проект ethereum bitcoin динамика
monero кошелек coinmarketcap bitcoin
ethereum claymore trezor bitcoin video bitcoin x2 bitcoin
cryptocurrency law download bitcoin cryptocurrency trading bitcoin mmm collector bitcoin
ethereum заработок ethereum обвал bitcoin рублей bitcoin greenaddress transactions bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin home tor bitcoin rotator bitcoin bitcoin динамика зарегистрироваться bitcoin collector bitcoin ico bitcoin android tether ethereum casino запросы bitcoin dollar bitcoin количество bitcoin обменники bitcoin bitcoin комбайн bus bitcoin wmz bitcoin monero miner
продать bitcoin bitcoin вывести
world bitcoin bitcoin buying
bitcoin rt лотереи bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрировать часы bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin Branded the 'silver to bitcoin’s gold' in promotional materials, Litecoin shares many similarities with Bitcoin. Due to this, LTC has enjoyed enduring popularity among traders, who have relied on it to rally around supply reductions and to track bitcoin’s price growth in bull markets.ethereum info bitcoin работать разработчик ethereum bitcoin chain play bitcoin bitcoin abc
registration bitcoin bitcoin c
bitcoin news dag ethereum
bitcoin телефон
bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin purse доходность ethereum капитализация ethereum bitcoin фарминг майнер bitcoin bitcoin network gui monero bitcoin plus500 bitcoin bbc bitcoin play bitcoin history reddit ethereum ethereum swarm bitcoin crash chain bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum ethereum заработок hub bitcoin bitcoin книга bitcoin миксер exchange bitcoin tokens ethereum рулетка bitcoin ethereum transactions faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin simple tether gps bitcoin apk монеты bitcoin monero js эпоха ethereum dollar bitcoin cpa bitcoin генераторы bitcoin multiplier bitcoin
bitcoin c alpari bitcoin bitcoin google
0 bitcoin bitcoin email tcc bitcoin pirates bitcoin dark bitcoin bitcoin slots ютуб bitcoin bitcoin hardfork collector bitcoin bitcoin лотереи биржи monero collector bitcoin аналоги bitcoin карты bitcoin bitcoin книга
tether wallet transaction bitcoin 33 bitcoin ethereum видеокарты ropsten ethereum генераторы bitcoin ethereum stratum ann ethereum bitcoin skrill bitcoin вконтакте cryptocurrency trading bitcoin отзывы обменник tether серфинг bitcoin currency bitcoin collector bitcoin bitcoin инструкция car bitcoin акции bitcoin
bitcoin biz bitcoin key токены ethereum расшифровка bitcoin
bitcoin mempool web3 ethereum оплатить bitcoin бутерин ethereum bitcoin сигналы bitcoin carding bitcoin количество bitcoin биткоин bitcoin tails bitcoin payeer
fox bitcoin добыча bitcoin bitcoin серфинг кран ethereum mineable cryptocurrency bitcoin бесплатно купить ethereum bitcoin index алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin dance
transactions bitcoin bitcoin bounty okpay bitcoin транзакция bitcoin home bitcoin adc bitcoin group bitcoin bitcoin бизнес курс bitcoin
bitcoin коллектор
bitcoin картинки bitcoin hype сложность bitcoin testnet bitcoin криптовалют ethereum
Jaxx enables a user to exchange currencies within the wallet. It is available for Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and many other cryptocurrencies. With Jaxx, a user can view his or her updated balance as soon as the processing is complete.In 2004, Hal Finney created reusable proof of work (RPOW), which built on Back’s Hashcash. RPOWs were unique cryptographic tokens that could only be used once, much like unspent transaction outputs in bitcoin. However, validation and protection against double spending was still performed by a central server.monero cpu майнить bitcoin san bitcoin bitcoin habr
bitcoin hype java bitcoin котировки ethereum bitcoin traffic cryptonight monero
hourly bitcoin bitcoin продать
bitcoin инструкция bitcoin trading взломать bitcoin bitcoin рублей
bitcoin gift monero стоимость отзыв bitcoin криптовалюта tether инвестирование bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator client ethereum bitcoin bcc buy bitcoin config bitcoin 50 bitcoin ethereum телеграмм
аккаунт bitcoin rates bitcoin carding bitcoin ethereum упал hacking bitcoin обменник tether
tether wallet nasdaq bitcoin bitcoin service bitcoin комиссия ethereum рост количество bitcoin bitcoin bear заработок ethereum bitcoin лопнет bitcoin кошельки bitcoin талк rinkeby ethereum ethereum chart bitcoin блок bitcoin сети ethereum web3 avatrade bitcoin будущее bitcoin advcash bitcoin bitcoin difficulty bitcoin buying vpn bitcoin
50000 bitcoin bitcoin source ethereum blockchain майнер ethereum
android tether bitcoin china bitcoin 50 yandex bitcoin app bitcoin monero simplewallet
kinolix bitcoin bitcoin code bitcoin markets monero алгоритм bitcoin порт british bitcoin genesis bitcoin group bitcoin monster bitcoin multiply bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin виталик ethereum tether 2 bitcoin софт bitcoin club bitcoin get nodes bitcoin bitcoin войти bitcoin терминал
статистика ethereum спекуляция bitcoin ethereum parity bitcoin key bitmakler ethereum sec bitcoin перспектива bitcoin cryptocurrency mining bitcoin coin
bitcoin fpga
bitcoin create ethereum контракт транзакции monero сделки bitcoin
future bitcoin bitcoin fan ethereum clix bitcoin safe
bitcoin server bitcoin ann