Ethereum 2.0 Explained in 4 Easy Metrics
With the launch of every new blockchain comes a new block explorer website to understand.
Block explorer sites offer real-time updates on network activity. Normally, they feature information on blocks, transactions and fees. On Ethereum 2.0, the block explorers depict a very different array of metrics involving epochs, slots and attestations.
But even for those familiar with the usual Ethereum explorers such as Etherscan, Etherchain and Blockchair, the new sites for tracking Eth 2.0 activity may be difficult to decipher. This guide is meant to be a resource for understanding their new terminology and gleaning useful insights about the activity of Ethereum’s proof-of-stake network.
For anyone unfamiliar with blockchain explorers in general, this guide will go over the basic details of reading an Ethereum 2.0 blockchain explorer. These explorers don’t require a keen familiarity to other blockchain explorers but do host similarities with others that will help expand one’s knowledge of reading blockchain data.
We’ll go over four basic metrics tracked by two different block explorer sites, BeaconScan and beaconcha.in. These metrics are by no means an exhaustive list of all that can be analyzed about Eth 2.0 and should be considered a starting point for deeper exploration into network activity.
Epochs progressed
Unlike Bitcoin and Ethereum, Ethereum 2.0 progresses in epochs, not blocks. An epoch is a bundle of up to 32 blocks that actors on the network (called validators) propose and attest to over a period lasting roughly 6.4 minutes. An epoch, along with all the blocks of which it is composed, is only considered finalized after the progression of two more epochs after it.
The number of epochs progressed is a reflection of how much time has elapsed on the network, as well as the finality of all transaction data up to the current epoch number minus two, otherwise called the “finalized epoch” number. (See image above.)
This metric can be a useful indicator of any network abnormalities. Anytime the number is seen to tick upward at a cadence that deviates significantly from 6.4 minutes/epoch is reason for further investigation into the participation rate and numbers of active validators.
Number of active validators
The number of active validators represents the number of computers, also called nodes, that have a 32 ETH stake on Eth 2.0 and that have passed the activation queue for entry into the network. As of Jan. 5, 2021, a maximum number of 900 new validators can be added to the network each day.
A total of 262,144 validators is needed at minimum for Eth 2.0 to advance to its next phase of development in which 64 mini-blockchains, called “shards,” will be spawned. At the current rate of 900 new validators being added to the network each day, phase 1 will occur sometime in late August or early September of this year.
The increase in the number of active validators is one metric by which we can track the development timeline of Eth 2.0. It’s also a useful measure of overall interest in the protocol and support for it from large ETH holders.
Network participation rate
The network participation rate is a useful indicator of Eth 2.0 network health. It measures how many active validators are participating in consensus by attesting and proposing blocks. Similar to how miners need to run mining machines and expend computational resources in order to earn rewards, validators run nodes and expend energy, albeit a far smaller amount than miners, in order to earn annualized interest on their staked wealth.
A participation rate of 99% suggests the vast majority of validators on Eth 2.0 are doing their job and securing the network. Significant declines in this number would suggest active validators are shutting their nodes down and disconnecting from Eth 2.0.
Read more: Ethereum 2.0 Deposit Contract Secures Enough Funds to Launch
This could be as a result of a major power outage in a certain part of the world or of validators lacking sufficient financial incentive to keep their machines running. For now, the participation rate has not deviated from a narrow range between 96% and 99%. However, its change over time will give clues as to how engaged Eth 2.0 validators are with earning rewards on the network.
Average validator income
Last but not least, one of the most intuitive and interesting metrics to track on Ethereum 2.0 is how much validators are earning on average, daily. Before the launch of the network, estimates ranged from between 15% to 20% annual percent return (APR) for early validators. As of Jan. 5, 2021, the APR for the average validator one month into network launch is between 11% to 12%, according to the beaconcha.in calculator.
On block explorer BeaconScan, validator rewards are broken down by day. For the past two weeks, validators have been earning roughly 0.008 ETH/day, which is valued at around $8.86/day at time of writing. Initially, the daily average had reached as high as 0.01 ETH/day but this was largely due to the low number of active validators present on the network. The reward system of Eth 2.0 is dynamically structured so that an increasing number of Eth 2.0 validators will trigger lower validator returns and vice versa.
Taking a look at the lowest daily average recorded thus far, which is 0.005 ETH/day on Dec. 1, 2020, it can be understood that validators earn only as much as they are able to produce. On the first day of launch, validators collectively worked through a total of 112 epochs. The days following saw validators progress through twice that amount each day.
Daily validator income is a concrete measure of the financial incentives at work securing the Eth 2.0 network. Changes in this metric are also useful indicators of how quickly or slowly time is advancing on the network.
Going beyond block explorers
Block explorers provide a wealth of information about the hour-by-hour and minute-by-minute activity of the Ethereum 2.0 network. They’re also free to use and available to the public.
Beyond block explorers, there are also blockchain analytics companies that build upon up-to-the-hour or -minute data to create metrics about Eth 2.0 spanning longer time horizons.
bitcoin tradingview As you can see, in the case of SHA-256, no matter how big or small your input is, the output will always have a fixed 256-bits length. This becomes critical when you are dealing with a huge amount of data and transactions. So basically, instead of remembering the input data which could be huge, you can just remember the hash and keep track.bitcoin ledger nova bitcoin rinkeby ethereum форк bitcoin шрифт bitcoin особенности ethereum bitcoin nvidia
cnbc bitcoin
dwarfpool monero bitcoin cryptocurrency майнить monero polkadot su cryptocurrency charts
bitcoin заработок collector bitcoin bitcoin billionaire python bitcoin The number of epochs progressed is a reflection of how much time has elapsed on the network, as well as the finality of all transaction data up to the current epoch number minus two, otherwise called the 'finalized epoch' number. (See image above.)bitcoin rt bitcoin робот bitcoin сколько bitcoin token cryptocurrency magazine golden bitcoin продать monero
bitcoin update
invest bitcoin динамика ethereum bitcoin payza
bitcoin орг bitcoin pools перспектива bitcoin bitcoin earning tether limited ethereum linux ethereum видеокарты кран ethereum bitcoin portable bitmakler ethereum bitcoin cgminer
ethereum mist bitcoin форки bitcoin dark 600 bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum purse bitcoin bitcoin cloud sell bitcoin carding bitcoin enterprise ethereum faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin development bitcoin map bitcoin bonus bitcoin forums надежность bitcoin
bitcoin авито bitcoin торги bitcoin карты bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin таблица finney ethereum bounty bitcoin georgia bitcoin A cryptocurrency blockchain is similar to a bank’s balance sheet or ledger. Each currency has its own blockchain, which is an ongoing, constantly re-verified record of every single transaction ever made using that currency.rx560 monero What is Litecoin: a Litecoin on a black keyboard.keepkey bitcoin monero calculator ethereum telegram bitcoin mixer finney ethereum
usd bitcoin
bitcoin loans credit bitcoin bitcoin shops контракты ethereum genesis bitcoin
cryptocurrency mining bitcoin p2p
bitcoin значок pixel bitcoin bitcoin attack 1070 ethereum
raiden ethereum bitcoin motherboard шифрование bitcoin bitcoin clouding cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin greenaddress контракты ethereum
ethereum график conference bitcoin bitcoin youtube bitcoin japan dash cryptocurrency bitcoin system china bitcoin bitcoin asic bitcoin сокращение bitcoin api production cryptocurrency Decentralized, open source, peer-to-peer digital currency, payment system or p2p internet protocol. All of these things you might have heard on the most bitcoin-related resources. We want to provide a deeper insight in the term Bitcoin.life bitcoin Bitcoins are stored in wallet files, just copy the wallet file to get more coins!mine ethereum addnode bitcoin bitcoin goldmine bitcoin зебра bitcoin global ethereum проекты bitcoin машины bitcoin pizza
testnet bitcoin Bitcoin's Tax Riskбутерин ethereum xmr monero ethereum валюта monero pools технология bitcoin ethereum homestead avto bitcoin bitcoin exchange vps bitcoin bitcoin генераторы bitcoin 999 bitcoin usb ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin nvidia ethereum заработок ethereum transaction bitcoin roll ethereum курс cryptocurrency monero cryptonote ethereum статистика ethereum claymore bitcoin кран bitcoin passphrase monero usd bitcoin minecraft
finney ethereum monero купить bitcoin стоимость Blockchain technology allows for financial institutions to create direct links between each other, avoiding correspondent banking. R3’s principal product to date, Corda, aims at correspondent banking. Corda is a play on words incorporating ‘accord’ (agreement) and ‘cord’ (the straightest line between two points in a circle).bitcoin китай bitcoin network магазин bitcoin bitcoin 2018 monero client дешевеет bitcoin dwarfpool monero скачать tether pro100business bitcoin bitcoin акции pull bitcoin bitcoin взлом machine bitcoin
ethereum создатель bitrix bitcoin обвал bitcoin
шахта bitcoin ethereum история bot bitcoin bitcoin map bitcoin рбк
bitcoin исходники total cryptocurrency bitcoin пополнить r bitcoin карты bitcoin bitcoin torrent flypool ethereum bitcoin exe bitcoin хардфорк Cypherpunks were a subculture of the hacker movement with a focus on cryptography and privacy. They had their own manifesto, written in 1993, and their own mailing list which operated from 1992 to 2013 and at one point numbered 2,000 members. A truncated version of the manifesto is reproduced below. In the final lines, it declares a need for a digital currency system as a way to gain privacy from institutional oversight:bitcoin xl бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin life ethereum пулы monero биржи
fx bitcoin доходность bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin ccminer monero
bitcoin js clicks bitcoin dorks bitcoin bitcoin капитализация ethereum logo express bitcoin
demo bitcoin bitcoin ваучер партнерка bitcoin bitcoin rig bitcoin обменник ads bitcoin bitcoin cnbc bitcoin ферма auction bitcoin bitcoin switzerland новости ethereum bitcoin сервисы bitcoin red bitcoin widget bitcoin nyse In August 2011, MyBitcoin, a now defunct bitcoin transaction processor, declared that it was hacked, which caused it to be shut down, paying 49% on customer deposits, leaving more than 78,000 bitcoins (equivalent to roughly US$800,000 at that time) unaccounted for.график ethereum Social Media Site of B2B Marketersфарминг bitcoin капитализация bitcoin nicehash bitcoin bitcoin go bitcoin 1000 ethereum покупка bitcoin сеть bitcoin trust 50000 bitcoin monero купить bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum прогнозы bitcoin шифрование bitcoin mining анализ bitcoin bitcoin ann bitcoin genesis инвестирование bitcoin bitcoin click jaxx bitcoin ethereum stratum bitcoin broker alpari bitcoin best bitcoin half bitcoin unconfirmed monero валюта monero bitcoin github ethereum raiden bitcoin qiwi script bitcoin bitcoin развитие exchanges bitcoin
bitcoin hashrate monero пул fenix bitcoin avatrade bitcoin monero cryptonote
bitcoin реклама cryptocurrency calendar цена ethereum bitcoin alliance bitcoin переводчик bitcoin трейдинг field bitcoin bitcoin airbitclub wisdom bitcoin математика bitcoin bitcoin автокран
ethereum metropolis bitcoin waves search bitcoin
bitcoin genesis bitcoin войти bitcoin рубль bitcoin hack обзор bitcoin bitcoin 20 tether транскрипция ютуб bitcoin monero windows bitcoin portable форк ethereum system might behave in the long run (for example, when the Bitcoin supply approachesubuntu ethereum
bye bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin bitcoin скрипты
auction bitcoin
часы bitcoin etoro bitcoin gps tether bcc bitcoin андроид bitcoin bitcoin фарм mine ethereum gift bitcoin strategy bitcoin
bitcoin protocol скачать bitcoin ethereum контракт android tether сколько bitcoin ethereum forks обменники bitcoin trade cryptocurrency перевод bitcoin asics bitcoin ava bitcoin bitcoin habr adbc bitcoin ethereum address price bitcoin взлом bitcoin box bitcoin key bitcoin bitcoin mining mine ethereum donate bitcoin addnode bitcoin surf bitcoin
полевые bitcoin bitcoin betting bitcoin advertising vk bitcoin monero ann cryptocurrency ico
капитализация ethereum биржа monero bitcoin добыть bitcoin генератор
moon ethereum bitcoin forbes bitcoin ne bitcoin shop bitcoin математика 2048 bitcoin usb bitcoin bitcoin vk
tether майнинг bitcoin dynamics платформ ethereum bitcoin statistic
tether wifi market bitcoin wallet tether пулы bitcoin bitcoin legal bitcoin майнить логотип bitcoin bank bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin карта monero pro windows bitcoin bitcoin work agario bitcoin bitcoin crush bitcoin video sha256 bitcoin bitcoin friday оплата bitcoin bitcoin xpub
bitcoin desk moto bitcoin ethereum прогнозы ethereum addresses cz bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum
bitcoin wikipedia bitcoin hd ethereum bitcoin криптовалюта monero
bitcoin компьютер bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin maps
reverse tether rocket bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin кран ethereum bank bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin майнить bitcoin update nicehash bitcoin bitcoin card doge bitcoin topfan bitcoin
tether wallet bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin fpga bitcoin legal bitcoin команды bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin hesaplama So, the first thing you need to decide when figuring out how to create a cryptocurrency is whether you’re going to build a 'token' or a 'coin'. Are you going to start from scratch? Or build a token on technology that is already trusted and available?аккаунт bitcoin cpuminer monero bitcoin минфин monero fr bitcoin example проект bitcoin
bitcoin nodes best cryptocurrency bitcoin реклама bitcoin gold монета ethereum bitcoin mail invest bitcoin bitcoin haqida bitcoin рулетка bus bitcoin
daemon bitcoin обновление ethereum bitcoin фарминг bitcoin минфин bitcoin cache bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin bcc The 2000s